![]() ![]() In the following example, the HAProxy configuration file is set to listen for HTTP traffic on port 80 and HTTPS traffic on port 443: As traffic passes through, HAProxy terminates SSL, which means that it decrypts the traffic before it is forwarded to the servers and encrypts it again on its way back out to the user. HAProxy load balances traffic across a pool of web servers, ensuring that if one of your servers fails, there are others to take over. However, since it can balance any type of TCP traffic, not just HTTP, you must choose whether to enable a secure connection for HTTP. HAProxy, besides being known as the fastest and most widely used software load balancer, is also heavily relied upon for its ability to terminate SSL, which is to say, it can handle all aspects of HTTPS by acting as a middleman between the client and servers. ![]() It’s easy to correct this shortcoming on your own website: Place HAProxy in front of your web servers and configure it to reroute users from HTTP to HTTPS automatically. If you’re using the Chrome browser, you’ll see a bold warning, “Not secure”, when you visit an unencrypted site. (Luckily, these specific websites automatically redirect to HTTPS). The result is that you’re sent to the non-secure, HTTP version of the site. The problem is that HTTPS is not the default Unencrypted, visible-to-anyone-with-the-means HTTP is the default: When you type or into your browser’s address bar, do you prefix it with https? If you’re like most people, the answer is no. By encrypting communication, website owners can hide what could be considered too much information in the wrong hands: the specific web pages you’ve visited, the terms you’ve searched for, and the details of your browser and operating system. A case can be made for encrypting every website with HTTPS, regardless of whether a website collects sensitive information or not, to give people a blanket shield of privacy even during their most run-of-the-mill activities. One way to protect user privacy is by encrypting the communication en route by using the venerated protocol, HTTPS, which is the secure version of HTTP. From hackers sniffing traffic at WiFi hotspots to governments seeking access to unprecedented levels of browsing data, privacy on the Web is becoming a David versus Goliath scenario. Yet, adversaries seem to be grasping at that communication from every direction. Now, with more people working, studying, and hanging with friends remotely, that trend is showing an uptick. When there is free entry into market making and search and transactions costs tend to zero, bid‐ask spreads of all market makers and middlemen are forced to zero, and a fully efficient Walrasian equilibrium outcome emerges.Use the HAProxy load balancer to redirect users from HTTP to HTTPS automatically.įor decades, our lives have become increasingly dependent on sending and receiving data from across the Internet. ![]() The market maker’s entry induces the surviving middlemen to reduce their bid‐ask spreads, and as a result, all producers and consumers who choose to participate in the market enjoy a strict increase in their expected gains from trade. We characterize conditions under which entry of a single market maker can be profitable even though it is common knowledge that all surviving middlemen will undercut the market maker’s publicly posted bid and ask prices in the postentry equilibrium. We consider an initial equilibrium with which there are no market makers but there is free entry of middlemen with heterogeneous transactions costs. Market makers post publicly observable bid and ask prices, whereas the prices quoted by different middlemen are private information that can be obtained only through a costly search process. Producers and consumers of a commodity (or buyers and sellers of an asset) who wish to trade can choose between two competing types of intermediaries: “middlemen” (dealer/brokers) and “market makers” (specialists). We present a model in which the microstructure of trade in a commodity or asset is endogenously determined.
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